November 2024

Laser marking is a valuable technology that has revolutionized product labeling and customization. However, like any powerful tool, lasers can be dangerous if not handled with care. Just as you wouldn’t give a chainsaw to someone without proper training, you shouldn’t use a laser without understanding its potential risks.

From relatively harmless Class 1 lasers to powerful Class IV devices, each laser type has its own unique hazards. Implementing comprehensive safety measures is important to protect workers and prevent accidents. This includes engineering controls, training programs, protective equipment, and regular maintenance. 

By prioritizing safety, we can create a safer workplace and help maintain smooth and uninterrupted operation of laser marking equipment.

Understanding Laser Classes and Their Hazards

Laser classifications are governed by standards like the U.S. FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) and the International Electrotechnical Commision (IEC). These standards categorize lasers based on their potential hazards, such as the power output and wavelength of the laser beam. 

The FDA’s 21 CFR 1040.10 regulates performance and labeling requirements, while IEC 60825 is often used globally to assess safety risks. These guidelines help determine the proper usage of lasers, protective measures, and labeling requirements.

Class 1: Minimum or No Hazard

Class 1 lasers are the safest, typically found in everyday devices like barcode scanners and DVD players. They have low output power with beams less than .39 milliwatts (mW).

They’re designed to be harmless during regular use, and you won’t need any special protection when operating them. However, it’s important to maintain the equipment properly, as altering the device could make the laser more dangerous.

Class 1M

The subcategory of Class 1. While Class 1M lasers are generally safe for direct viewing, they can become hazardous when used with optical instruments like binoculars or telescopes.

This is because these instruments can concentrate the laser beam, increasing its intensity and potentially causing eye damage. 

Class 1M lasers operate within a wavelength range of 302.5 nanometers (nm) to 4,000 nm.

Class 2: Low Risk but Caution with Direct Exposure

Class 2 lasers are considered low-power devices, typically emitting visible light with a power output of less than 1 mW. They are often compared to laser pointers, which are examples of Class II lasers.

While direct exposure to a Class 2 laser beam can cause discomfort or a temporary feeling of “spots” in the vision, they are not typically considered a serious threat to eye health as long as people avoid staring directly into the beam for extended periods.

Class 2M

Class 2M lasers are a subcategory of Class 2 lasers. While both are generally safe for direct viewing due to the human eye’s natural blinking reflex, Class 2M lasers can become hazardous when viewed through optical instruments, similarly to Class 1M. 

The human blinking reflex is not fast enough to protect the retina from this concentrated laser beam. Therefore, it is crucial to wear appropriate eye protection when using Class 2M lasers with optical instruments.

Class 3: Eye and Skin Injury Risks

Things get more serious with Class III lasers. They come in two types in IIIa and IIIb: 

• Class 3a: Intermediate-powered continuous wave (CW) lasers, typically ranging from 1 to 5 milliwatts. Despite being relatively safe for short exposures, prolonged direct viewing can pose a risk to the eyes. The concentrated laser beam can deliver sufficient energy to the retina, potentially causing damage.

Examples: Laser levels and rangefinders

• Class 3b: Higher-powered CW lasers with an output power ranging from 5 to 500 milliwatts. These lasers can pose a significant risk to both the eyes and skin, even with brief exposure. The concentrated laser beam can deliver a substantial amount of energy, potentially causing burns and tissue damage.

Examples: Laser surgery, laser cutting and engraving machines

Class 4: High Power, Severe Hazards

Class 4 lasers are the most powerful and the most dangerous. With an output power exceeding 500 milliwatts, they are used in industrial applications like cutting, welding, or even medical surgeries. 

They can cause serious eye and skin injuries with even brief exposure, and because they’re so powerful, even reflected beams can be hazardous. Protective clothing, controlled environments, and strict safety protocols are a must when dealing with these lasers.

4 Best Practices for Laser Marking Safety

To create a safe environment around laser marking, it’s important to take a multi-layered approach. From built-in safety measures to proper training and protective gear, these best practices help protect your team and keep operations running smoothly:

1. Engineering Controls (Interlocks, Shields)
2. Administrative Controls (Training, Signage, Protocols)
3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirements
4. Regular Equipment Maintenance and Safety Checks

1. Engineering Controls

When it comes to laser marking safety, the first line of defense is engineering controls. 

Think of interlocks and shields as your laser system’s safety net. Interlocks automatically power down the laser if safety doors or covers are opened, preventing accidental exposure. 

Shields or enclosure also play a key role by keeping the laser beam contained and protecting anyone nearby from harmful radiation or particles that may get kicked up during marking.

2. Administrative Controls (Training, Signage, Protocols)

Proper training and clear communication are just as important as physical safety measures.

Every operator should know the risks involved and how to handle laser equipment safety. That means hands-on training about the machine and the different classes of lasers. 

Adding clear, easy-to-read safety signs in work areas is another simple yet effective step. These signs should warn everyone of the laser’s presence and remind them to follow safety protocols.

3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirements 

The right PPE provides an additional line of defense in case engineering controls or administrative measures aren’t enough. Two of the most important pieces of equipment are:

• Eye protection: Eye protection is non-negotiable. The right kind of safety glasses should match the laser’s wavelength and offer enough filtering to keep your eyes safe from the beam. Even a brief direct glance at a Class IV laser can cause serious eye damage.
• Skin Protection: Don’t forget about the rest of your body! Lab coats, gloves, and face shields are your best friends when working with high-powered lasers. These prevent burns and protect against harmful fumes, which are common during laser marking.

4. Regular Equipment Maintenance and Safety Checks:

Keeping your equipment in top shape isn’t just about getting precise marks; it plays a big role in overall safety. Regular checkups—like cleaning lenses, testing interlocks, and realigning beams—help keep your laser system working as intended. 

Over time, dust and debris can affect both the performance and safety of the equipment, leading to potential hazards or inaccuracies. Skipping maintenance can result in malfunctions, like a laser failing to shut off or a misaligned beam creating unsafe conditions for operators.

By sticking to a regular maintenance schedule, you prevent these small issues from growing into bigger, costlier problems. Ultimately, this attention to detail helps maintain safety standards while also extending the life of your equipment.

Safety Isn’t Just Recommendation

Laser marking safety involves more than just understanding how the machine works; it’s about taking a comprehensive approach to protect your team. By recognizing the hazards associated with different laser classes, implementing robust safety protocols like engineering controls and proper training, and consistently using the right PPE, you can significantly reduce risks in your workspace.

By following these best practices, you create a safer environment where productivity and safety can go hand in hand.

Trust the Experts in Laser Marking Safety

Navigating the complexities of laser safety requires expertise and precision. At Technomark, we specialize in providing advanced laser marking solutions that prioritize both efficiency and safety. With years of experience and cutting-edge technology, we’re here to keep your operations safe and productive. 

Learn how Technomark can support your laser marking needs by visiting our Laser Marking Solutions page. Whether you’re implementing safety protocols or updating your equipment, our team of experts is ready to assist you in every step of the way.

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